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Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

History: 4 day old baby with apnea  The germinal matrix is the site of proliferating neuronal and glial precursors in the developing brain, which is located above the caudate nucleus in the floor of the lateral ventricle and caudothalamic groove. The germinal matrix contains a rich network of fragile thin-walled blood vessels. Hence the microcirculation in…

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History: 4 day old baby with apnea 

Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - Coronal ultrasound of the head in an infant shows asymmetric increased echoes in the left caudothalamic groove (red arrow) when compared to the right. This finding is consistent with a left grade I germinal matrix hemorrhage and should be confirmed in the sagittal plane.
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage – Coronal ultrasound of the head in an infant shows asymmetric increased echoes in the left caudothalamic groove (red arrow) when compared to the right. This finding is consistent with a left grade I germinal matrix hemorrhage and should be confirmed in the sagittal plane.
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - axial gradient recalled echo image of the brain demonstrates susceptibility within the left caudothalamic groove (red arrow) compatible with germinal matrix hemorrhage.
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage – axial gradient recalled echo image of the brain demonstrates susceptibility within the left caudothalamic groove (red arrow) compatible with germinal matrix hemorrhage.

The germinal matrix is the site of proliferating neuronal and glial precursors in the developing brain, which is located above the caudate nucleus in the floor of the lateral ventricle and caudothalamic groove. The germinal matrix contains a rich network of fragile thin-walled blood vessels. Hence the microcirculation in this particular area is extremely sensitive to hypoxia and changes in perfusion pressure. It is most frequent before 35 weeks gestation and is typically seen in very low birth-weight (<1500g) premature infants,because they lack the ability for auto regulation of cerebral blood flow. Increased arterial blood pressure in these blood vessels leads to rupture and hemorrhage into germinal matrix.

Germinal matrix hemorrhage has a grading system as follows:

  • Grade I: Confined to caudothalamic groove
  • Grade II: Extends into ventricle but does not expand it (see below for an example of intraventricular hemorrhage)
  • Grade III: Fills and distends adjacent ventricle
  • Grade IV: Parenchymal hemorrhage/edema/ischemia beyond germinal matrix
Intraventricular Hemorrhage - sagittal ultrasound of the head demonstrates hyperechoic material layering dependently within the left lateral ventricle (red arrow), representing blood clot. The normal choroid plexus is identified by the yellow arrow.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage – sagittal ultrasound of the head demonstrates hyperechoic material layering dependently within the left lateral ventricle (red arrow), representing blood clot. The normal choroid plexus is identified by the yellow arrow.
Intraventricular hemorrhage- axial gradient recalled echo image of the brain demonstrates susceptibility within the ventricles bilaterally (red arrows), compatible with layering intraventricular blood.
Intraventricular hemorrhage- axial gradient recalled echo image of the brain demonstrates susceptibility within the ventricles bilaterally (red arrows), compatible with layering intraventricular blood.

Reference: Caudothalamic Grove: Value in Identifcation of Germinal Matrix Hemorhage by Sonography in Preterm Neonates

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